Doughnuts**

Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman.

They noticed that naively adding test tube synthesized mRNA elicited immflamatory responses from immune cells, while mRNA derived from cells did not. They figured out that chemical modifications to mRNAs were responsible for avoiding these immune reactions to the mRNAs.

These results would open the path for development of mRNA-based vaccines, like the vaccines repsonsible for limiting the damage of the COVID-19 pandemic.

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/press-release/

How would you describe the sound?

No sure about that. While he was alive he could do things/get stuff done to him which would get reported in the news. Getting poisoned by Novichok, getting arrested in a Russian airport, disappearing and reappearing in an Arctic gulag – all of these things show up in the news cycle, giving us constant reminders of the how bad it is in Russia. Now that he’s a martyr, I guess his name will disappear from headlines until maybe the anniversary of his death.